Study Finds Small Arms Have Serious Impact on Fragile States

A new study finds the global authorized trade in small arms, light weapons, and their ammunition is worth nearly $7.1 billion a year. In its annual report, the independent think tank, the Geneva Forum, also examines the serious impact small arms proliferation is having upon three so-called fragile states-Madagascar, Ivory Coast and Haiti.

Arms exporters

The survey finds in 2008, the United States, Italy and Germany topped the list of 14 top exporters of small arms and light weapons. These countries had annual exports of at least $100 million. In the same year, the top importers of small arms and light weapons included the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, France and Pakistan.

The survey also finds the private security industry has expanded throughout the world and private guards now vastly outnumber police officers. However, it notes private security forces remain outgunned. Data for 70 countries reveals private security firms hold four million firearms compared to some 26 million held by law enforcement and 200 million held by armed forces.

Impact

The report highlights the impact small arms and light-weapons have on three fragile societies.

It focuses on the situation in Madagascar since the 2009 coup, which toppled the elected President.

Research Director of the Small Arms Survey, Robert Muggah, tells VOA, a large number of illegitimate weapons are circulating in the country. In fact, he notes authorities have registered fewer than 3,000 weapons. To add to the problems, he says the armed forces and the police have become part of Madagascar’s security liabilities.

“There are concerns that Madagascar is becoming a hub, potentially a hub of narco-trafficking-much like what we are seeing in West Africa owing to these fragilities that we are seeing in the State security sector," said Muggah. "One of the major concerns that we are seeing is essentially rapid and illegal extraction of resources from Madagascar ranging from Rosewood through to minerals, as well as what appears to be a lively trade in Zebu cattle markets with sort of industrial scale rustling going on, which is a major source of livelihood in the country.”

Evolution

The survey also traces the evolution of small arms in Ivory Coast between 2002 and 2010. During this period the country was divided into two autonomous zones-the North, which was run by rebel forces loyal to the now President Allasane Outtara and the South, which was run by the former president, Laurent Gbagbo.

An arms embargo was imposed in 2003 and 2004. Despite this, the study says countries including Russia and Bulgaria continued to transfer arms adding to the instability of the country.

Security

The last case study looks at the security situation in Haiti both before and after last year’s devastating earthquake. Muggah notes some of the results are surprising. He says there was a general lack of confidence in the police’s ability to ensure security. So, after the earthquake, the United States and European Union made a major push to enhance security in the country.

He says these states were afraid gang violence was going to take over the capital, Port-au-Prince as well as outlying areas.

“Actually, the confidence in the police, the national police has improved since 2007," he noted. "We see that the majority of the population surveyed between 2007 and 2010 would go to the police first in the event of a security incident. And, this counters much of the conventional wisdom and, I think, some of the rhetoric that was associated with the post-earthquake intervention.”
Muggah says the survey shows homicide rates throughout Haiti also have gone down since 2007. Significantly, he says it has declined in the notoriously violent slum areas - another finding that goes against conventional wisdom.

9mm Competition

Double Tap 9mm

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Natural gas is best fuel for our future

Too often, the debate about hydraulic fracturing falls prey to clever Hollywood-style gimmickry that neglects to inform and educate.

With that said, it is refreshing when scholarly studies are conducted to shed light on a complex topic. It is particularly important for those in public office who would otherwise respond to passionate, vocal advocates.

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) released a study which attempts to remove the bias and provide scientific objectivity. It highlights the significant role natural gas will have on the future of transportation, energy production and greenhouse gas reduction. The point here is that natural gas has been and will remain a friend to the environment.

The natural gas industry has an impressive safety record in New York, principally because of the strong tradition of regulatory oversight and a healthy respect for the environment by all concerned. The state Department of Environmental Conservation's three-year SGEIS process for addressing high-volume hydraulic fracturing is simply a continuation of that tradition. When issued in final form, the SGEIS will serve as a roadmap throughout the natural gas industry for safe and environmentally friendly shale development.
Natural gas is the cleanest-burning of our fossil fuels and has rightfully replaced oil for power generation while making a serious dent in our reliance on coal. And yes, someday even "greener" sources will be available such as wind and solar, but in the interim we need to deal with the here and now. Natural gas, at present and for the foreseeable future, is our best option for reducing our dependence on coal and foreign oil.
A recent study by the Manhattan Institute emphasized the positive economic impact to New York, particularly upstate, with the realization of an anticipated 18,000 (and potentially 90,000) jobs and commerce associated with shale development of $11.4 billion by 2020. These tremendous benefits could be achieved even sooner with timely resolution of the SGEIS process.

Another recent study by Duke University surprised its own researchers when an examination of wells drilled in Pennsylvania found no presence of fluids used in hydraulic fracturing in water wells. That doesn't minimize the importance of safeguards at the surface, but with all the rhetoric and fear-mongering regarding contamination of our water supplies, it is a point worth repeating.
While the Duke study pointed to a higher concentration of methane found near production wells, the study also acknowledged the presence of methane in water wells in areas where there was no natural gas drilling activity. No surprise, much of the natural gas associated with water wells is naturally occurring "biogenic" methane that would be in a water well even in the absence of a nearby natural gas well.
I am a firm believer in the benefits of an informed public. Knowledge is power, and hopefully studies such as these will improve the quality of the debate.

Liquefied Natural Gas

Facts

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Complaints of jet noise heard by city

The rising volume of resident complaints about the noise of military jets at Palm Springs International Airport is prompting city action.

City Manager David Ready said he will suggest to the City Council this month that a new subcommittee of himself, airport executive director Tom Nolan and one or two council members reach out to the commanders of military installations where the flights originate.

“It may be time to again revisit some of the military installations and open a dialogue on some of the concerns our citizens are expressing,” Ready said.

Airport officials have said they don't have any control over the choice of military pilots to land in Palm Springs.

But communities where airport noise issues are more common have asked the military to limit flights at certain times or to reduce the flights altogether.

“We don't have jurisdiction or any control,” Ready said. “It's more of an open dialogue — can we work together? We have every belief they would work with us and modify their protocols.”

The number of military jet takeoffs and landings at the airport has edged up only slightly in recent years, from 1.7 percent of all airport operations in 2008 to 2.2 percent last year, according to airport statistics.

But the number of noise complaints for the first five months of this year nearly doubled, from 32 to 60. And there was a spike on May 29 when several military aircraft flew into the airport.

That set off a debate on the editorial page of The Desert Sun, with weeks of back-and-forth letters as well as comments on mydesert.com website forums.

John England lives within a few miles of the airport's flight path and said that while military jets generally make more noise than commercial air traffic, that's not what causes complaints.

“Every now and then the military pilots reverse their engines or do something that causes an earsplitting noise,” he said.

Richard C. Grosser of Palm Desert said the temporary inconvenience of military jet noise is worth tolerating.
“The noise was here before you were,” he said of complainants. “If you don't like it, you shouldn't have moved here. It is a small price to pay for our freedom.”

Ready said the subcommittee would likely visit the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center at Twentynine Palms and March Air Reserve Base near Moreno Valley.

But Air Force Reserve Maj. Donald Traud, public affairs director for the March air base, said the fighter jets that are apparently triggering the noise complaints aren't coming from them.

The base lands C-17s, a large military transport airplane, at the Palm Springs airport about six times a year, to drop off wounded Marines and troops at Twentynine Palms and the Army's Fort Irwin near Barstow, Traud said.

“These troops are just returning from either Afghanistan or Iraq,” he said.

Lt. Aaron Kakiel, spokesman for U.S. Naval Air Forces at North Island Naval Air Station in San Diego, a command center that oversees all naval aviation activities west of the Mississippi River, earlier told The Desert Sun that many of its flights into Palm Springs airport are part of cross-country flight training for pilots coming from states such as Texas and perhaps even farther east.

“We try and minimize the amount of time we're doing that outside of our normal training areas,” he said.

“We understand it does cause some inconvenience to local residents, but appreciate their patience while these pilots and air crew conduct vital training that is part of their mission to defend the United States.”

Palm Springs may be receiving a disproportionate amount of military jet activity for the same reason tourists come there — it's a nice place to visit, Kakiel said.

Kakiel indicated last month that the Naval Air Command hasn't fielded any complaints from Palm Springs. City officials could direct concerns to the Naval air command for the southwestern U.S., which could in turn direct other Naval flight centers to limit their traffic into Palm Springs, he said.

Ready said Nolan will develop a plan to talk to military officials about jet flights coming in from farther away than nearby military bases.

“The noise was here before you were,” he said of complainants. “If you don't like it, you shouldn't have moved here. It is a small price to pay for our freedom.”


Ready said the subcommittee would likely visit the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center at Twentynine Palms and March Air Reserve Base near Moreno Valley.

But Air Force Reserve Maj. Donald Traud, public affairs director for the March air base, said the fighter jets that are apparently triggering the noise complaints aren't coming from them.

The base lands C-17s, a large military transport airplane, at the Palm Springs airport about six times a year, to drop off wounded Marines and troops at Twentynine Palms and the Army's Fort Irwin near Barstow, Traud said.

“These troops are just returning from either Afghanistan or Iraq,” he said.

Lt. Aaron Kakiel, spokesman for U.S. Naval Air Forces at North Island Naval Air Station in San Diego, a command center that oversees all naval aviation activities west of the Mississippi River, earlier told The Desert Sun that many of its flights into Palm Springs airport are part of cross-country flight training for pilots coming from states such as Texas and perhaps even farther east.

“We try and minimize the amount of time we're doing that outside of our normal training areas,” he said.

“We understand it does cause some inconvenience to local residents, but appreciate their patience while these pilots and air crew conduct vital training that is part of their mission to defend the United States.”

Palm Springs may be receiving a disproportionate amount of military jet activity for the same reason tourists come there — it's a nice place to visit, Kakiel said.

Kakiel indicated last month that the Naval Air Command hasn't fielded any complaints from Palm Springs. City officials could direct concerns to the Naval air command for the southwestern U.S., which could in turn direct other Naval flight centers to limit their traffic into Palm Springs, he said.

Ready said Nolan will develop a plan to talk to military officials about jet flights coming in from farther away than nearby military bases.

Jet Noise

Jet Noise

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NCSU takes leading role in developing Smart Grid

It takes up enough space to cover a billiards table, but next year it will fit inside a backpack.

The electronic contraption, only in its first generation, was named this year by experts at Massachusetts Institute of Technology as one of the 10 most important technology innovations of 2010. MIT ranked the "smart transformer," created by the FREEDM Systems Center in Raleigh, alongside recent advances in cancer genomics and synthetic cells.

The digital transformer will form the electronic guts of the vaunted Smart Grid, the automated power network that is expected to replace nation's aging mechanical power grid in the coming decade. Relying on semiconductors rather than brainless mechanisms, the device controls energy flow in both directions, managing interconnections with solar-powered rooftops and plug-in electric cars, while minimizing energy waste.

"Think of it as an Internet router for the electrical grid," said Stephen Cass, special projects editor at MIT's Technology Review . "This contribution fits into that transformational ideal in that it will enable other changes."

The solid state transformer is one of several dozen Smart Grid-related projects under way at the 3-year-old FREEDM Center, which is headquartered at N.C. State University and coordinates research among five U.S. universities. The acronym stands for Future Renewable Electric Energy Delivery and Management, a research consortium formed in 2008 with an $18.5 million grant from the National Science Foundation.

The rising profile of the FREEDM Center is a major reason why the Triangle has come to be regarded as a national Smart Grid hub. But there also are nearly 60 local companies here involved in developing software, components, utility meters or some other aspect of the smart electricity network.

"This technology is probably five years ahead of its time," said Alex Huang, the N.C. State professor of electrical and computer engineering who directs the FREEDM Center. "We are pushing electronics into the power grid."

The Obama administration has pumped $4.5 billion nationwide into Smart Grid development in the past two years, with North Carolina companies and organizations receiving more than $600 million, more than any other state. The administration regards the Smart Grid transformation one of the nation's primary drivers for job growth, spanning manufacturing, marketing and maintenance.
Just last week, the FREEDM Center hosted an energy discussion forum for the White House Council on Jobs and Competitiveness, including Duke Energy CEO Jim Rogers, General Electric CEO Jeffrey Immelt, Southwest Airlines CEO Gary Kelly and U.S. Department of Commerce Secretary Gary Locke.

Many of the supporters and members of the FREEDM Center collaborate on research, donate equipment and provide technical expertise. In exchange for annual membership fees, member companies have access to intellectual property developed at the center.

Utility industry stalwarts, like ABB and Eaton, are involved because they want to be in early for an opportunity to develop promising products for commercial markets.

ABB, which specializes in heavy electrical equipment, employs 300 people at its North American headquarters in Cary and 300 more in Raleigh. This summer ABB plans to open its own Smart Grid Center of Excellence on N.C. State's Centennial Campus.

The FREEDM Center, whose membership roster has grown to 49 companies, a year ago moved into a new facility on the Centennial Campus, where more than 200 graduate and undergraduate students conduct research on smart transformers, smart breakers and high-performance batteries.

While devices like the smart transformer work in a laboratory setting, it may take years before Progress Energy, Duke Energy and others are ready to buy the costly equipment. One hurdle for solid state components is that they last about 20 years in the field compared to the 40-year life span of a conventional transformer. The bucket-shaped device attached to neighborhood utility poles is limited to one function: It lowers voltage as electrical current passes through it.
"The old-fashioned transformer is very dumb, but also very reliable," Huang said.
Chad Eckhardt, an independent industry consultant in Raleigh, said the FREEDM center can build all the prototypes it wants, but mass-production will require engagement with a global contractor like ABB, Eaton, Siemens or General Electric. To get companies on that scale interested, utility companies will first have to commit to field-testing the smart components.

The FREEDM Center facility itself is designed as a living laboratory, with a 40 kilowatt solar panel on the roof, donated by member company AEG Power Solutions. FREEDM also has an indoor cabinet with lithium ion batteries, two electric plug-in cars and plans to add a fuel cell to simulate a fully-developed Smart Grid in which homes and businesses participate in electricity production and energy storage.

The center's goal is to become temporarily energy independent - which Huang calls "islanding mode" - in the event of a power outage or other emergency.

Eventually the Smart Grid will be used to manage thousands of solar homes and electric cars in which power flows in multiple directions, Huang said, as opposed to the current system in which electricity originates at several large power plants and moves one way along transmission lines and down distribution lines into neighborhoods.

Move to direct current

It's widely believed that when the Smart Grid is developed, the nation will shift away from AC (alternating current) to DC (direct current) electricity. The reason: Most technology today runs on DC power, which is why consumers can't plug their laptops and plasma TVs into wall outlets directly and have to use boxy adapters instead.

LED lighting and solar panels also operate on DC power, and require inverters and adapters today to convert back to AC power.

Both the ABB and FREEDM Smart Grid labs are developing sections that run on DC power, simulating the home of the future in which adapters are unnecessary and electronic equipment is all interconnected directly and managed by software.

"Today we basically have a legacy system," Huang said.

Mad Science

Smart Grid for Intelligent Energy Use

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CEO: Don’t give up after one failure, ‘get over it’

As a mechanical engineering major at MIT, Frank van Mierlo found his strategy to success: keeping himself surrounded by geniuses.

“When I arrived at MIT, I quickly figured out most people were smarter than me,” van Mierlo said. “It was difficult for me to do my problem sets, so my solution was to organize a study group.”

To ply the talent, he made sure there was a fully stocked fridge and plenty of beverages.

“I became really good at picking out the good students,” he said. “And I always aced my problem sets. That stayed with me for the rest of my life.”
Van Mierlo co-founded Bluefin Robotics Corp. in 1997 with a fraternity brother, then sold it in 2005 and made a windfall that gave him a buffer to be selective about his next project.
“I knew I wanted to work in energy,” he said. “I wanted to do something that was useful.”
He came upon Ely Sachs, an MIT professor working on low-cost fabrication methods to increase the efficiency of solar cells. He volunteered to work for Sachs for free for a year.

Twenty Power Point presentations and several months later, they had raised more than $12 million from venture capitalists. The duo are co-founders of 1366 Technologies, with van Mierlo the CEO.
Now 51, the casually clad, ebullient van Mierlo usually shows up to work at his Lexington office around 7:30 a.m. — and many of his employees are usually already hard at work. Some are engineers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and all were carefully selected by van Mierlo. Each gets an equity stake, perhaps part of the reason most of them are still there 12 hours later at 7:30 p.m.
This is van Mierlo’s highest stakes study group yet and he has strong feelings about comparisons to beleaguered Evergreen Solar, which also sprang from technology developed by Sachs.
“To me, it’s like, ‘get over it.’ This is the price you pay for having an innovative society,” he said. “The first satellites we sent up to space failed. But we didn’t give up. We’re really getting close. For every failure, we have an American success story.”

How Venture Capital Works Pt. 1

Pt. 2

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The math of the Rubik’s cube

Last August, 30 years after the Rubik’s cube first appeared, an international team of researchers proved that no matter how scrambled a cube got, it could be solved in no more than 20 moves. Although the researchers used some clever tricks to avoid evaluating all 43 quintillion of the cube’s possible starting positions, their proof still relied on the equivalent of 35 years’ worth of number crunching on a good modern computer.

Unfortunately, for cubes bigger than the standard Rubik’s cube — with, say, four or five squares to a row, rather than three — adequately canvassing starting positions may well be beyond the computational capacity of all the computers in the world. But in a paper to be presented at the 19th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms in September, researchers from MIT, the University of Waterloo and Tufts University establish the mathematical relationship between the number of squares in a cube and the maximum number of moves necessary to solve it. Their method of proof also provides an efficient algorithm for solving a cube that’s in its worst-case state.

Photo: Dominick ReuterComputer science is concerned chiefly with the question of how long algorithms take to execute, but computer scientists measure the answer to this question in terms of the number of elements the algorithm acts upon. The execution time of an algorithm that finds the largest number in a list, for instance, is proportional to the length of the list. A “dumb” algorithm for sorting the numbers in the list from smallest to largest, however, will have an execution time proportional to the square of the length of the list.

Solution with a twist


Erik Demaine, an associate professor of computer science and engineering at MIT; his father, Martin Demaine, a visiting scientist at MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory; graduate student Sarah Eisenstat; Anna Lubiw, who was Demaine’s PhD thesis adviser at the University of Waterloo; and Tufts graduate student Andrew Winslow showed that the maximum number of moves required to solve a Rubik’s cube with N squares per row is proportional to N2/log N. “That that’s the answer, and not N2, is a surprising thing,” Demaine says.

The standard way to solve a Rubik’s cube, Demaine explains, is to find a square that’s out of position and move it into the right place while leaving the rest of the cube as little changed as possible. That approach will indeed yield a worst-case solution that’s proportional to N2. Demaine and his colleagues recognized that under some circumstances, a single sequence of twists could move multiple squares into their proper places, cutting down the total number of moves.

But finding a way to mathematically describe those circumstances, and determining how often they’d arise when a cube was in its worst-case state, was no easy task. “In the first hour, we saw that it had to be at least N2/log N,” Demaine says. “But then it was many months before we could prove that N2/log N was enough moves.”

From left to right, Sarah Eisenstat, Martin Demaine, Erik Demaine and Andrew Winslow.

Photo: Dominick ReuterBecause their method of analysis characterizes the cases in which multiple squares can be moved into place simultaneously, it provides a way to recognize those cases, and thus an algorithm for solving a disordered cube. The algorithm isn’t quite optimal: It always requires a few extra moves. But as the number of squares per face increases, those moves dwindle in significance.

Go configure

The Rubik’s cube is an instance of what’s called a configuration problem, the best-known example of which involves finding the most efficient way to reorganize boxes stacked in a warehouse. It’s possible, Demaine says, that the tools he and his colleagues have developed for studying the Rubik’s cube could be adapted to such problems.

But Demaine is also a vocal defender of research that doesn’t have any obvious applications. “My life has been driven by solving problems that I consider fun,” he says. “It’s always hard to tell at the moment what is going to be important. Studying prime numbers was just a recreational activity. There was no practical importance to that for hundreds of years until cryptography came along.”

But, he adds, “the aesthetic is not just to look at things that are fun but also look at problems that are simple. I think the simpler the mathematical problem, the more likely that it’s going to arise in some important practical application in the future. And the Rubik’s cube is kind of the epitome of simplicity.”

“Erik is always very interested in extending the reach of popular mathematics,” says Marc van Kreveld, an associate professor in the Department of Information and Computing Sciences at Utrecht University in the Netherlands, who designs puzzles in his spare time. “That’s really one of the things that he tries to do, to bring across that mathematics is not just some boring area of study, but it’s actually fun, and you can do a lot with it, and it’s beautiful.”

“Erik’s a very brilliant person,” van Kreveld adds. “He is already very successful in his hard-core research. But the popularizing is also very necessary, I think. You should not underestimate the importance of motivating students to learn.”

Metamorphosis of the Cube

Solving A Rubik's Cube

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MIT Researchers Induce Band Gap in Graphene for Electronics Applications

Graphene, one atom thick pure carbon lattice with amazing strength, electrical and thermal conductivity lacks one key property.

It does not have the ability to create a band gap, which is a specific energy range that exists between bands to enable the existence of electrons. The band gap is necessary for devices such as computer chips, transistors, and solar cells.

MIT scientists have identified a method to produce considerable quantities of two or three layer graphene. When the layers are arranged in a specific manner, these structures render graphene the needed band gap. Nature Nanotechnology journal has published a paper describing the new method.

Michael Strano, associate professor of Chemical Engineering, MIT, stated that this new technique enables high-precision arrangement of graphene layers by centering the atoms existing in one layer over the space present between atoms in the other layer. This arrangement is known as A-B stacked that offers needed electronic properties to graphene.

Chlorine or bromine compounds injected into a graphite block naturally enters the material structure, accommodating themselves in a specific pattern either between each layer, or even every third layer, causing the layers to move away from each other. Strano and his team discovered that on dissolving graphite, it disintegrates at the place having the added atoms, creating two or three layer thick graphene flakes. This mild dispersion method may result in larger flakes of graphene than obtained in other methods. Since graphene is a delicate material, processing needs to be very mild.
This method produces large flakes about 50 mm2 enabling applications for electronic and optoelectronic devices, for example the team produced few simple transistors using the material.

Bromine

Bromine Contained

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